UMLANDO WOKUSETSHENZISWA KWE-TUNGSTEN
Okutholakele ekusetshenzisweni kwe-tungsten kungaxhunyaniswa ngokukhululekile nezinkambu ezine: amakhemikhali, insimbi nama-super alloys, ama-filaments, nama-carbides.
1847: Usawoti we-Tungsten usetshenziselwa ukwenza ukotini onemibala nokwenza izingubo ezisetshenziselwa imidlalo yaseshashalazini nezinye izinjongo zingashi.
1855: Inqubo ye-Bessemer yasungulwa, evumela ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi ngobuningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinsimbi zokuqala ze-tungsten zenziwa e-Austria.
Ngo-1895: UThomas Edison waphenya ikhono lezinto ezibonakalayo lokusebenzisa i-fluoresce lapho evezwe kuma-X-ray, futhi wathola ukuthi i-calcium tungstate yayiyinto ephumelela kakhulu.
1900: I-High Speed Steel, ingxube ekhethekile yensimbi ne-tungsten, ikhonjiswa embukisweni womhlaba eParis. Igcina ubulukhuni bayo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ilungele ukusetshenziswa kumathuluzi nasemishinini.
1903: Izintambo ezilambuni nasezibanini zaba ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-tungsten eyasebenzisa indawo yayo yokuncibilika ephakeme kakhulu kanye nokuhamba kwayo kukagesi. Inkinga kuphela? Imizamo yasekuqaleni yathola ukuthi i-tungsten iqinile kakhulu ukuze isetshenziswe kabanzi.
1909: UWilliam Coolidge kanye nethimba lakhe kwaGeneral Electric e-US baphumelela ekutholeni inqubo eyenza i-ductile tungsten filaments ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa okushisa okulungile nokusebenza ngomshini.
1911: Inqubo ye-Coolidge idayiswa, futhi ngesikhathi esifushane amalambu okukhanya e-tungsten asakazeka emhlabeni wonke afakwe izintambo ze-ductile tungsten.
1913: Ukuntuleka kwamadayimane ezimbonini eJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kuholela abacwaningi ukuba bafune enye indlela yokufa kwedayimane, asetshenziselwa ukudweba ucingo.
1914: “Kwakuyinkolelo yochwepheshe abathile bezempi Abahlangene ukuthi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha iJalimane yayiyobe isiphelelwe yizinhlamvu. Ngokushesha ama-Allies athola ukuthi iJalimane yayikwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwezikhali futhi isikhathi esithile yayingaphezu komphumela we-Allies. Ushintsho ngokwengxenye lwalungenxa yokusebenzisa kwakhe insimbi ye-tungsten enesivinini esikhulu namathuluzi okusika ama-tungsten. Okwamangaza kakhulu amaNgisi ukuthi i-tungsten eyayisetshenziswa, kamuva yatholakala, yayivela ikakhulukazi eMayini yawo yaseCornish eCornwall.” - Kusuka encwadini ka-KC Li ka-1947 ethi "TUNGSTEN"
1923: Inkampani yaseJalimane yamalambu kagesi ihambisa ilungelo lobunikazi le-tungsten carbide, noma i-hardmetal. Yenziwe “ngokufaka usimende” izinhlamvu ze-tungsten monocarbide (WC) eziqine kakhulu ku-binder matrix yensimbi eqinile ye-cobalt ngokufakwa kwesigaba soketshezi.
Umphumela washintsha umlando we-tungsten: into ehlanganisa amandla aphezulu, ukuqina kanye nobulukhuni obuphezulu. Eqinisweni, i-tungsten carbide ilukhuni kakhulu, okuwukuphela kwento engokwemvelo engayinwaya idayimane. (I-Carbide iwukusetshenziswa okubaluleke kakhulu kwe-tungsten namuhla.)
1930s: Kwavela izicelo ezintsha zamakhompiyutha e-tungsten embonini kawoyela ukuze kufakwe amafutha angcolile nge-hydrotreating.
1940: Ukwakhiwa kwensimbi, i-nickel, nama-superalloy asekelwe ku-cobalt kuyaqala, ukuze kugcwaliseke isidingo sezinto ezikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa amangalisayo ezinjini zejethi.
Ngo-1942: Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, amaJalimane aba ngawokuqala ukusebenzisa i-tungsten carbide core kuma-projectiles okubhoboza izikhali zesivinini esiphezulu. Amathangi aseBrithani acishe “ancibilika” lapho eshaywa yilawa ma-tungsten carbide projectiles.
1945: Ukuthengiswa kwaminyaka yonke kwezibani ze-incandescent yizigidi ezingu-795 ngonyaka e-US
1950s: Ngalesi sikhathi, i-tungsten isiyengezwa kuma-superalloy ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwawo.
Ama-1960s: Ama-catalysts amasha azalwa equkethe i-tungsten compounds ukwelapha amagesi aphumayo embonini kawoyela.
1964: Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle nokukhiqizwa kwezibani ze-incandescent kunciphisa izindleko zokuhlinzeka ngenani elinikeziwe lokukhanya ngesilinganiso samashumi amathathu, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zokwethulwa kwesistimu yokukhanyisa ka-Edison.
2000: Kuleli qophelo, kukhishwa izintambo zesibani ezingaba amamitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 unyaka ngamunye, ubude obulingana nebanga eliphindwe izikhathi ezingu-50 ukusuka enyangeni. Ukukhanyisa kudla u-4% no-5% wengqikithi yokukhiqizwa kwe-tungsten.
TUNGSTEN NAMUHLA
Namuhla, i-tungsten carbide isakazeke kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhlanganisa ukusika insimbi, ukukhanda ngokhuni, amapulasitiki, izinhlanganisela, nezitsha zobumba ezithambile, ukwakheka okungenasici (okushisayo nokubandayo), izimayini, ukwakhiwa, ukumba amatshe, izingxenye zesakhiwo, izingxenye zokugqoka kanye nezingxenye zempi. .
Ama-alloys ensimbi e-Tungsten nawo asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imibhobho yenjini ye-rocket, okumele ibe nezakhiwo ezinhle ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa. Ama-super-alloys aqukethe i-tungsten asetshenziswa kuma-turbine blades nezingxenye ezingagugi kanye nezingubo zokumboza.
Kodwa-ke, ngasikhathi sinye, ukubusa kwesibani se-incandescent sekuphelile ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-132, njengoba beqala ukuphuma e-US naseCanada.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-29-2021
