UMLANDO WOKUSEBENZISA I-TUNGSTEN
Okutholakele ekusetshenzisweni kwe-tungsten kungaxhunyaniswa kalula nezinkambu ezine: amakhemikhali, insimbi kanye nama-super alloys, ama-filament, kanye nama-carbide.
1847: Usawoti we-tungsten usetshenziselwa ukwenza ukotini onemibala kanye nokwenza izingubo ezisetshenziselwa imidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye nezinye izinjongo ezingashi.
1855: Kwasungulwa inqubo yeBessemer, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi ngobuningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenziwa izinsimbi zokuqala ze-tungsten e-Austria.
1895: UThomas Edison wahlola ikhono lezinto zokwakha ukufiphala lapho zivezwa kuma-X-ray, futhi wathola ukuthi i-calcium tungstate iyona into ephumelela kakhulu.
1900: Insimbi Esheshayo, ingxube ekhethekile yensimbi ne-tungsten, iboniswa eMbukisweni Womhlaba eParis. Igcina ubulukhuni bayo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ilungele ukusetshenziswa kumathuluzi kanye nomshini wokugaya.
1903: Izakhi zokukhanya ezibanini nasezibanini zokukhanyisa kwakuyizo zokuqala ukusetshenziswa kwe-tungsten okwasebenzisa iphuzu layo lokuncibilika eliphezulu kakhulu kanye nokuqhuba kwayo ugesi. Inkinga kuphela? Imizamo yokuqala yathola ukuthi i-tungsten ibuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba ingasetshenziswa kabanzi.
1909: UWilliam Coolidge kanye nethimba lakhe kwa-General Electric e-US baphumelela ekutholeni inqubo edala imicu ye-tungsten ethambile ngokwelashwa kokushisa okufanele kanye nokusebenza kwemishini.
1911: Inqubo ye-Coolidge iyathengiswa, futhi ngesikhathi esifushane amabhalbhu okukhanya e-tungsten asakazeka emhlabeni wonke ahlonyiswe ngezintambo ze-tungsten ezithambile.
1913: Ukuntuleka kwamadayimane ezimboni eJalimane ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II kwenza abacwaningi bafune okunye esikhundleni samadayimane aqoshiwe, asetshenziswa ukudonsa ucingo.
1914: “Kwakuyinkolelo yabanye ochwepheshe bezempi abangama-Allied ukuthi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha iJalimane yayizophelelwa yizinhlamvu. Ama-Allied asheshe athola ukuthi iJalimane yayandisa ukukhiqiza kwayo izibhamu futhi isikhathi esithile yayidlule umkhiqizo wama-Allied. Ushintsho lwalubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwamathuluzi okusika insimbi ye-tungsten esheshayo kanye ne-tungsten. Okwamangaza kakhulu amaNgisi, i-tungsten esetshenziswa kanjalo, kamuva yatholakala, yayivela kakhulu ezimayini zabo zaseCornish eCornwall.” – Kusukela encwadini ka-KC Li ka-1947 ethi “TUNGSTEN”
1923: Inkampani yebhalbhu kagesi yaseJalimane ithumela ilungelo lobunikazi le-tungsten carbide, noma i-hardmetal. Yenziwe “ngokufaka ukhonkolo” okusanhlamvu kwe-tungsten monocarbide (WC) okuqinile kakhulu ku-binder matrix yensimbi eqinile ye-cobalt ngokusila uketshezi.
Umphumela washintsha umlando we-tungsten: into ehlanganisa amandla aphezulu, ukuqina kanye nokuqina okuphezulu. Eqinisweni, i-tungsten carbide ilukhuni kakhulu, okuwukuphela kwento yemvelo engayiklwebha yidayimane. (I-Carbide iyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwe-tungsten namuhla.)
Ngawo-1930: Kwavela izicelo ezintsha zamakhemikhali e-tungsten embonini kawoyela zokwelashwa ngamanzi kwamafutha angcolile.
1940: Kwaqala ukukhiqizwa kwama-superalloy asekelwe ensimbi, i-nickel, kanye ne-cobalt, ukuze kugcwaliswe isidingo sezinto ezingamelana namazinga okushisa amangalisayo ezinjini zejethi.
1942: Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, amaJalimane ayengawokuqala ukusebenzisa umongo we-tungsten carbide ezinqoleni zempi ezisheshayo. Amathangi aseBrithani “ancibilika” cishe lapho eshaywa yilezi zikhali ze-tungsten carbide.
1945: Ukuthengiswa kwaminyaka yonke kwezibani ze-incandescent kungama-795 million ngonyaka e-US
Ngawo-1950: Ngalesi sikhathi, i-tungsten ifakwa kuma-superalloy ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwayo.
Ngawo-1960: Kwazalwa ama-catalyst amasha aqukethe ama-tungsten compounds ukuze aphathe amagesi okukhipha ugesi embonini kawoyela.
1964: Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezibani ezikhanyisayo kunciphisa izindleko zokuhlinzeka ngenani elithile lokukhanya ngesilinganiso samashumi amathathu, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zokwethulwa kohlelo lokukhanyisa luka-Edison.
2000: Kuleli qophelo, kudonswa ucingo lwezibani olucishe lube amamitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 minyaka yonke, ubude obuhambisana nebanga eliphindwe cishe izikhathi ezingama-50 kunelomhlaba nenyanga. Ukukhanyisa kudla u-4% no-5% womkhiqizo we-tungsten ophelele.
I-TUNGSTEN NAMUHLA
Namuhla, i-tungsten carbide isakazeke kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kufaka phakathi ukusika insimbi, ukukhanda ngokhuni, ipulasitiki, izinhlanganisela, kanye nobumba oluthambile, ukwakheka okungenazingcezu (okushisa nokubandayo), ukumbiwa kwemigodi, ukwakhiwa, ukubhoboza amatshe, izingxenye zesakhiwo, izingxenye ezigugile kanye nezingxenye zempi.
Ama-alloy ensimbi ye-tungsten nawo asetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwama-nozzle enjini ye-rocket, okumele abe nezakhiwo ezinhle zokumelana nokushisa. Ama-alloy amakhulu aqukethe i-tungsten asetshenziswa kuma-blade e-turbine kanye nezingxenye kanye nezingubo ezingagugi.
Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubusa kwebhalbhu yokukhanyisa isibani sekuphelile ngemva kweminyaka engu-132, njengoba iqala ukuncipha e-US naseCanada.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-29-2021
